This is the forty-third diary in my expanding the National Parks series. I apologize for the delay, as dealing with the day-to-day assaults on basic norms by Trump and his cronies has pushed my diaries to the back burner, but now I’ve decided to continue. In my last diary I covered Tennessee, this one will cover Texas. Despite being the nation’s second largest state in area, only a small fraction of Texas is protected at the federal level , just 1.9%, tied with the far smaller Massachusetts for 39th in the nation. Currently, Texas has 2 national parks, 2 national monuments, 4 national forests 21 wildlife refuges, and 14 historic sites and other NPS units. I will propose adding several other monuments to Texas’ tally. Previous diaries in the series are linked at the bottom of this diary
Texas
Total Area 268 596 sq miles
Land Area 261 232 sq miles
Water Area 7 364 sq miles
Coastline 367 miles
Additional monuments -8
ADDITIONAL MONUMENTS — 8
* Alamo Estimated area 10 acres
One of the nation’s most famous landmarks, the Alamo mission in San Antonio was the site of the March 1836 Battle of the Alamo, which saw Mexican forces lead by Santa Anna overwhelm the defenders of the fort, including legendary folk heroes Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett. the defeat of the Alamo spurred Texas , which had just declared its independence from Mexico, to defeat Santa Anna at the battle of San Jacinto in April and officially gain its independence, it would be admitted as a state in March 1845. The Alamo was bought by the state in 1905 thanks largely to the efforts of Clara Driscoll and Adina De Zavala, and the site was managed by the Daughters of the Republic of Texas until 2015 when the Texas General Land Office took over operation. the site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and a World Heritage site in 2015. Monument status would pay tribute to the long history of the mission, and help in the sites conservation and upkeep. 4 million people visit the Alamo every year.
* Castner Range Estimated Area 7500 acres
Would conserve a large portion of the Franklin Mountains east of El Paso, the area was proposed as a monument during the Obama administration, and tens of thousands of El Paso residents wrote in support of the designation, but Obama chose not to designate the monument on his way out. The site was protected from development as part of the 2017 Defense Appropriations bill and was included in the bill thanks to Rep. Beto O’Rourke of El Paso . Monument status would conserve the area’s historic properties, some of which date back 10000 years, as well as the poppies for which the area is famous.
* Presidio La Bahia Estimated area 50 acres
would conserve Presidio La Bahia in Goliad, one of the oldest Spanish forts in the state and the site of the Battle of Goliad in 1835, one of the earliest battles of Texas’ war for independence, as well as the Massacre of Goliad in 1836 where the Mexicans executed between 400- 450 prisoners taken captive during the Battle of Goliad, including the fort commander James Fannin. the fort was designated a national historic landmark in 1967, and today is operated by the Victoria , Texas Catholic Diocese as a public museum. Monument status would help commemorate the memory of those executed at the Massacre of Goliad as well as shine a light on this period of Texas history.
* Big Thicket Estimated area 250000 acres
Would -re-designate the existing preserve as a monument and expand the area to cover more of the forests historical footprint to conserve the biodiversity of the area. efforts to protect the Big Thicket in the 60s ranged from a small state forest, to a massive national park and even a 150000 acre national monument, Finally, in 1974 Congress set aside some 85000 acres a national preserve. the preserve has since expanded to around 112000 acres, and more than 100000 people visit the area annually
* Palo Duro Canyon Estimated area 60000 acres
Would conserve the entirety of Palo Duro Canyon , considered to be Texas’ Grand Canyon and is the second-largest canyon in the US at 120 miles in length, second only to the Grand Canyon . Much of the canyon is currently a state park, covering 29000 acres. Monument status would elevate the area’s popularity and highlight its history. The state park was created in 1933 and was worked on by the Civilian Conservation Corp, who built trails, ranger stations and all of the parks early infrastructure, over the course of 5 years. Legendary painter Georgia O’ Keefe painted several paintings of the canyon between 1916 and 1918 when she lived in the nearby town of Canyon, and often visited the area.
*San Jacinto Estimated area 1700 acres
Would upgrade the existing state battlefield site to monument status. the Battle of San Jacinto in April 1836 was a decisive victory in Texas’ war for independence, as the capture of Santa Anna after the battle led to Texas gaining its independence. San Jacinto is home to the worlds tallest masonry column, at nearly 570 feet, its taller than the Washington monument in DC. The Monument was built between 1936 and 1939 and was built to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the battle . San Jacinto was designated a National Historic landmark in 1960. nearly 250000 people visit the site each year.
* John F Kennedy Assassination 20 acres
Would conserve the buildings and sites connected with the November 22, 1963 assassination of President Kennedy as a national monument to honor the memory of the 35th president. Currently the sites are included in the Dealey Plaza Historic district, which includes the building where Oswald shot Kennedy, the grassy knoll , and several other buildings which look today exactly as they did in 1963. Currently, no national monuments exist to commemorate the 4 assassinated presidents, the closest is Fords Theater in DC which is an historic site. This is an oversight that needs to be remedied. Over 6 million people visit the plaza every year.
* Eisenhower Birthplace 2 acres
Would conserve the birthplace of President Eisenhower, who was born in Denison , Texas in 1890. Eisenhower moved to Kansas when he was 2 and didnt know that he had been originally from Texas until a local Denison woman , Jennie Jackson , wrote to him about the house during World War II. the house was bought and turned into a park during Eisenhower’s presidency.
EXISTING AREAS
NATIONAL PARKS-2
* Big Bend Established 1944 Covers 801 163 acres
The largest protected area in the state, Big Bend covers over 800000 acres of the Chichuchuan Desert, which covers parts of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona in the US and parts of Mexico in the south. The park borders over 118 miles of the Rio Grande, since the Rio Grande is the international boundary with Mexico, jurisdiction within the park only covers part of the river, fortunately the Mexican side is also conserved, in Santa Elena Canyon National Park ( Parque Nacional Canon de Santa Elena) and Madares Del Carmen Protected Area, which when combined with Big Bend, create a protected bi-national corridor covering over 3 million acres. Big Bend was originally protected at the state level as Texas Canyons State Park in 1933 but was renamed Big Bend the following year. Congress passed a law providing for Big Bend to become a national park, and in 1944 the park opened. the establishment law set a boundary of 1.5 million acres, or close to twice the size of the current park. The parks sees about 350000 visitors a year, making it one of the least visited parks in the Lower 48. The park is home to 1200 species of plants 600 vertebrates and over 3600 species of insects.
* Guadalupe Mountains Established 1972 Covers 86 367 acres
Located on the Texas-New Mexico border near El Paso, the park conserves the highest point in Texas, Guadalupe Peak, which rises to an elevation of 8, 749 feet. Created by Congress in 1972, land for the park was donated by Wallace Pratt in 1960. The Mountains are part of the same mountain chain that includes Carlsbad Caverns which is 25 miles in the north, in New Mexico. Over 225, 000 people visited the park in 2017.
NATIONAL MONUMENTS-2
* Alibates Flint Quarries Established 1965 Covers 1371 acres
Created to preserve quarries , or pits, created by ancestors of modern native tribes, Alibates Flint is noted for the rainbow colors of the rock. more than 700 quarries have been found within a 10 mile area, most of them included within the monument. Most of the pits were dug by the Antelope Creek people, who also used the rock to build dwellings, some of which survive to this day. Access to the monument is limited to reserved, ranger guided tours.
* Waco Mammoth Established 2015. Covers 105 acres
Created by President Obama in 2015, Waco Mammoth protects the site of a large collection of Columbian Mammoth bones, who were killed in a series of flash floods and their bodies ended up in the location where the monument is now. In addition to mammoths, a saber tooth cat was uncovered during the excavations that uncovered the site. Originally discovered in 1978, the site remained closed to the public until 2009, when a shelter to protect the fossils was built. Legislation to protect the site as a monument was introduced in Congress in 2010, and again in 2012 without passing. Finally, Obama invoked the Antiquities Act in 2015, creating the monument, to be managed by a partnership of the Park Service, Baylor University and the city of Waco. Nearly 70000 visited the area in 2016.
NATIONAL FORESTS-4
* Angelina Established 1936 Covers 153 180 acres
the smallest of Texas’ four national forests, Angelina is spread across four counties in East Texas ( Angelina, Jasper, Nacogdoches, and San Augustine) and lies in the Neches River Basin as well as both sides of the Sam Rayburn Reservoir. Angelina was created, along with the other national forests in the states, in the 1930s after Texas requested the federal government create nationals forest within the state, as was happening throughout the country at the time. Angelina contains two wilderness areas, the 13, 331 acre Upland Island wilderness, and the 5 473 acre Turkey Hull Wilderness, both were created in 1984 by the Texas Wilderness Act.
* Davy Crockett Established 1936 Covers 160 647 acres
Located in two counties , Houston and Trinity, in east Texas , Davy Crockett was created in 1936 as one of four national forests. Its current acreage puts it third in size, just a couple hundred acres behind Sabine NF. The Big Slough Wilderness, the smallest wilderness in the state at 3455 acres, lies in the forest.
* Sabine Established 1936 Covers 160 873 acres
The second largest NF in the state, Sabine is located near the Texas-Louisiana border, and spread across 5 counties, with most of its acreage lying in Sabine and Shelby counties. the CCC helped the develop the forest between 1933 and 1940, planting trees, putting in roads and fire lookout towers throughout the forest. Sabine contains 1 wilderness area, Indian Mounds Wilderness.
* Sam Houston Established 1936 Covers 163 045 acres
The largest NF in the state, Sam Houston is located 50 miles north of Houston and spread across three counties (Montgomery, San Jacinto and Walker). There are three campground within the forest- Cagle, Double Lake and Stubblefield. Double Lake was developed by the CCC in 1937.
WILDLIFE REFUGES — 21
* Anahauc Established 1963 Covers 34000 acres
Located on the east coast of Texas, near Bolivar Peninsula, the refuges preserves over 30000 acres of coastal marshes and prairies and is considered an Shorebird site of international importance.
*Aransas Established 1937 Covers 114 657 acres
Tte largest and second-oldest refuge in the state, Aransas was first set aside as the Aransas Migratory Waterfowl Refuge in 1937 then had its name changed in 1940 to its current name. the CCC established a camp near the refuge in 1938 and built residence facilities roads and dikes for the refuge.
* Attwater Prairie Chicken Established 1972 covers 10528 acres
Set aside to conserve habitat for the critically endangered Attwater Prairie chicken, the refuge was created after a donation of 3500 acres of land by the World Wildlife Fund in the mid-1960s . The refuge is also the one of the largest remnants of coastal prairie habitat left in the southeastern part of the state.
* Balcones Canyonlands Established 1992 Covers 46080 acres
The fifth-largest refuge in the state( Behind Aransas, Laguna Atascosa, Lower Rio Grande Valley,and McFaddin, in that order) , the refuge was created to protect habitat for two endangered birds, the black-capped vireo and the golden-cheeked warbler. Located northwest of Austin, the refuge is full of canyons, caves springs and sinkholes which are home to several species endemic to this part of Texas.
*Big Boggy Established 1983 Covers 5000 acres
The 4th smallest refuge in the state ( only Little Sandy , Moody and Santa Ana are smaller) , Big Boggy is located on the Texas Coastline, close to Galveston. Public visitation to the refuge is limited to waterfowl hunting and special occasions.
*Brazoria Established 1969 Covers 44414 acres
One of the larger refuges in the state, Brazoria is part of a wildlife refuge complex that includes Big Boggy and San Bernard WRs, to provide habitat for migratory and local wildlife. More than 100000 Snow geese, Canada Geese and other migratory birds flock to the refuge during the winter months.
* Buffalo Lake Established 1937 Covers 7680 acres
Created after the Tierra Blanca Creek was dammed in 1937, the refuge was created in 1958 after the area was transferred to the Fish and Wildlife Service. Buffalo Lake contains some of the best remaining short grass prairie in the country.
*Caddo Lake Established 2000 Covers 8493 acres
Conserves some of the best remaining Bottomland hardwood forests remaining in the Southeastern US, Caddo was named for the Caddo tribe which lived in the area at the time for Spanish exploration of the Southwest. the state even got its name from the Caddo tribe - “ tay-shas ‘ means friend or ally, the Spanish translated it as Tejas, which was the name they gave to the region that became Texas. the area was bought by the Army in 1941 for use as a munitions depot, and was used as such until the end of the Cold War in 1991. the Fish and Wildlife Service approached the Army about conserving the area as a refuge, the Army agreed and in 2000 the refuge was established. Part of the refuge is recognized as a Ramsar Wetland for the quality of the wetlands in the refuge.
* Grulla Established 1969 Covers 3200 acres (in NM and TX)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/...
Arch Lake, part of the refuge, is shown above
The smallest refuge in the state at 3200 acres (of which a small amount reaches into Texas), Grulla is named after the Spanish word for " crane', after the sandhlil cranes that nest in the lake when it is wet. Arch Lake, which makes up a good chunk of the refuge, is a saline playa- a lake that is dry much of the year. the refuge is managed by Muleshoe WR in Texas.
* Hagerman Estabshed 1946 Covers 11320 acres
Located on Lake Texoma near the Texas-Oklahoma border, Hagerman was created out of lands bought as part of the dam project that created Lake Texoma. Its location on the Central Flyway makes it a popular resting spot for dozens of species of birds, wintering numbers can exceed 10000 for geese alone.
* Laguna Atascosa Established 1946 Covers 98000 acres
The Second largest refuge in the state, It was originally established in 1946 for the conservation for habitat for migrating birds, but since then it has become the home of the largest population of ocelots in the country. as the cat is endangered, much of the refuge is closed to public to preserve the species and its habitat. Located at the southern tip of Texas, near Brownsville, the refuge is considered the states Last great habitat, where beaches, mudflats mudflats, and grasslands mix with Thorn forests and rare clay dunes called lomas.
* Little Sandy Established 1986 Covers 3802 acres
Located in the Sabine River in the northeastern part of the state, Little Sandy is one of the rare refuges where the Fish and Wildlife Service does not own the land, the refuge is a conservation easement of privately held land. As it is privately held, the public is not allowed access to the refuge.
* Lower Rio Grande Valley Established 1979 Covers 90 788 acres
Protecting the last 275 river miles of the Rio Grande, the refuge is home of one of Texas’ most biodiverse regions, as birds from all over the Americas migrate here. The refuge also protects the last remnants of natural Habitat in the Valley region, as 95% of the habitat has been converted to city development or agricultural use since the 1930s. At more than 90000 acres, the refuge is the third largest in the state. The refuge also contains the battlefield of the last Civil War land battle, Palmito Ranch, which was fought near Brownsville on May 12-13, 1865, as the war was coming to a close. The result of the fight was a Confederate victory and fatalities were low, just 2 Union deaths, 0 Confederate. The refuge preserves the battlefield and efforts are underway to provide interpretation of the battle, in partnership with the Park Service and Texas Historic Commission.
* McFaddin Established 1980 Covers 58 861 acres
The fourth-largest refuge in the state, McFaddin protects the largest remaining freshwater marsh in the state. In addition to hosting over 100, 000 birds, the refuge contains the largest concentration of Alligators in Texas. The refuge has been hammered in recent years by hurricanes, which have destroyed many of the dunes which protected the refuges from saltwater infiltration. the marsh is slowly becoming more saline as a result.
* Moody Established 1961 Covers 3517 acres
Protected under a conservation easement. Moody is part of a coastal chain of refuges that includes Big Boggy and Brazoria. It is closed to the public.
* Muleshoe Established 1935 Covers 6640 acres
The oldest refuge in the state, Muleshoe is located in the Texas panhandle close to the New Mexico border. The refuge contain large swaths of pristine short grass prairie and is home to the largest concentration of lesser sandhill cranes in North America.
*Neches River Established 2006 Covers 25281 acres
The newest refuge in the state, the refuge was created to protect bottomland hardwood forests in the Neches river floodplain, as well as provide habitat for migratory birds along the Central Flyway. the refuge is currently closed to the public.
* San Bernard Established 1969 Covers 45730 acres
Located on the Gulf Coast, San Barnard is part of the Mid-Coast WR Complex, which also includes Big Boggy and Brazoria WRs. Its location on the Gulf makes it a prime resting stop for migratory and wintering birds, and more than 320 species have been identified within the refuge. The Refuge is slowly expanding, it now covers more than 54000 acres, and lands within the San Bernard and Brazos river basins have been identified for future acquisition.
* Santa Ana Established 1943 Covers 2088 acres
The smallest refuge in the state at just over 2000 acres, Santa Ana is located near the border with Mexico, and serves as the stopover for many Central American and South American birds.
* Texas Point Established 1978 Covers 8952 acres
Located on the Texas coast near Louisiana, the area that makes up the refuge was first inhabited 12000 years ago, and was home to the Atakapa and Karankawa tribes until the 18th century when the Spanish moved into the area. the refuge is mix of wooded lots, shell mounds, marshes tidal flats and ponds, which provide refuge for migratory birds crossing the Gulf.
* Trinity River Established 1994 Covers 25497 acres
Establushed to protect bottomland hardwoods along the Trinity River, the rfuge was once home to the Caddo people that lived in the region for over 1000 years and built large mounds , some ofd which survive today within the refuge.
HISTORIC SITES AND OTHER NPS UNITS-14
* Amistad NRA Established 1965 Covers 58500 acres
Created in 1965 as part of mitigation for the Amistad Dam, the recreational area lies on the confluence of three rivers _ Devils, Pecos, and Rio Grande, and lies on the border with Mexico. Hunting, scuba diving and fishing are popular activities in the area, which was upgraded to a national recreation area by Congress in 1990. Nearly 1.4 million people visited the area in 2012.
* Big Thicket NP Established 1974 covers 106 305 acres
One the first national preserves in the US — alongside Big Cypress NP in Florida- the preserve protects a portion of a heavily forested region of the state. the fate of the region was heavily debated in the 1960s between conservationists and timber interests, along with determining just how big the region is- area estimates range from a 10X15 sq mile area in Hardin County to a massive 3.4 million acre region covering 29 counties. Proposals included a 150000 acre national monument and a national park covering 1 million acres. finally Congress settled on a 84550 acre preserve in 1974. the preserve has grown in area since, it now covers over 112000 acres. the preserve is split into 9 land units and 6 marine areas. the preserve is home to over 100 species of trees and 300 species of birds. Nearly 140000 people visited the area in 2011.
* Caddo NG Established 1935 Covers 17873 acres
Located in northeast Texas in Fannin County, Caddo is the second-smallest of Texas’ four grassland areas, and is split into two separate units- Bois D’ Arc Creek and Ladonia, as with most grasslands, the units are broken up into several non-contiguous blocks of land. Caddo is managed with Lyndon B Johnson NG as a single unit.
* Chamizal NM Established 1974 covers 55 acres
Located in El Paso Texas , the memorial commemorates the resolving of the Chamizal boundary Dispute between the US and Mexico. the Chamizal tract was at one point the only connection between El Paso and Cuidad Jaurez , Mexico. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 set the boundary between the US and Mexico as the middle of Rio Grande, but the river shifted south several times over the ensuing decades, in effect adding territory to the US, about 600 acres. Mexico claimed this area as well, and for decades the area was a thorn in the relations between the two countries. in 1909 president Taft and Mexican president Porfino Diaz tried to settle the matter, agreeing to have the international boundary commission determine where the border lay. in 1911 the commission concluded that the Us should receive the portion of the area of the river that had moved between 1852 and 1864, approximately 200 acres, with the rest( about 440 acres) going to Mexico. The US initially rejected the finding, and the dispute continued until 1963 when Kennedy agreed to the 1911 settlement. the memorial was created in 1974, and over 100000 people visited in 2012
* Fort Davis NHS Established 1961 Covers 474 acres
established in 1854 to protect emigrants mail coaches and freight wagons passing through the area, the fort was named after then- Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, who would go on to be president of the Confederacy. the fort was evacuated by the Union in 1861 the Confederacy ran the fort until August of 1862 when it and all forts west of Fort Clark were abandoned. Buffalo Soldiers ( all-black regiments) were stationed at the fort after the Civil War. the fort was occupied until 1891. the site was designated an historic site by Congress in 1961 and consists of 24 restored buildings along with 100 ruins and foundations. Nearly 56000 people visited the site in 2015.
* Lake Meredith NRA Established 1990 Covers 44978 acres
Bordering Alibates Flint Quarries NM in the Texas Panhandle, Lake Meredith was created by damming the Canadian River, creating a 10000 acre lake. Visitation to the area has dropped due to recent drought and low water levels, the area had nearly 2 million visitors in 1984 but in 2012 only 500000 people visited the area.
* Lyndon B Johnson NG Established 1960 Covers 20309 acres
Located mostly in Wise county, the grassland is divided in 76 separate tracks of land with only 15 being connected to each other. Camping, Hiking and horseback riding are popular activities in the grassland, which is managed with Caddo Grassland as a single unit
* Lyndon B Johnson NHP Established 1969 Covers 1570 acres
Preserves the home , ranch and final resting place of President Johnson. the park is split into two units( Johnson City, which consists of the visitors center, a restored prairie containing 19th century buildings including Johnson’s grandfathers home, and Johnson’s Boyhood home- and LBJ Ranch where the former president spent much of his time as president, earning the site the nickname “ The Texas White House”). the park is bordered by a state park honoring Johnson which covers an additional 733 acres. Over 110000 people visited the park in 2012.
*McClellan Creek NG Established 1960 Covers 1449 acres
the smallest grassland in the state , McClellan surrounds McClellan Lake, a reservoir on the creek of the same name within the Texas panhandle. the entire grassland was burned in 2006 during the Interstate 40 fire which burned a total of 750000 acres. the grassland is managed as part of the Black Kettle- McClellan Creek Ranger district, which is managed from Cheyenne, Oklahoma.
*Padre Island NS Established 1962 Covers 130 434 acres
the second largest national seashore by area, Padre island protects North Padre island, the largest undeveloped barrier island in the world. it was designated a Globally Important Bird Area in 1998 by the American bird Conservancy, due to its location on the Central Flyway, Nearly 400 species of birds have been identified within the park. Over 660000 people visited the park in 2005.
* Palo Alto Battlefield NHP Established 1915 Covers 3357 acres
Conserves the sites of the 1846 Battle of Palo Alto fought on disputed territory 5 miles outside of what is now Brownsville Texas. The battle ended up being the first major battle of the Mexican-American war, although war on Mexico was not declared by the US until May 11th, 3 days after the battle. As with all major battles in the war, the result was an American victory, who lost only 4 soldiers while the Mexicans had over 100 killed. Congress designated the area as an battlefield site in 1915, then changed it to an historic site in 1978. Congress expanded the area of the site in 1992. Finally Congress elevated the site to a national historic park in 2009, expanding the park to include the 34 acre Resaca Del La Palma Battlefield located within Brownsvile itself. Nearly 40000 people visited in 2012.
* Rio Grande WSR Established 1978 Covers 125 440 acres(in NM & TX)
Protectes 259 river miles of the Rio Grande from the New Mexico-Colorado border to past Big Bend NP in Texas. the lower end of the designation conserves three canyons- Boquillas, Lower, and Mariscal. management of the area is split between the Park Service, Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management.
* Rita Blanca NG Established 1960 Covers 92989 acres (in OK and TX)
Located mostly in Texas, the grassland is split into numerous small sections and is surrounded by privately owned land , as is the case with many national forests. it is managed, like Black Kettle NG, by the Cibola NF in New Mexico.
* San Antonio Missions NHP Established 1983 Covers 826 acres
Consisting of 4 Spanish missions in San Antonio (Mission Concepcion, Mission Espada, Mission San Jose and Mission San Juan Capistrano), the missions were part of a system of Spanish Missions spread across the southwest during the 17th 18th and 19th centuries. the missions are 4 of the 5 missions still standing in San Antonio, the 5th being the Alamo. Espada is the oldest of the four having been built in 1690. San Juan and Concepcion were built in 1716 and San Jose in 1720. the missions were first conserved by Congress as Mission Parkway in 1975 which included the missions and 84 other historic sites. in 1983 Congress upgraded the missions to a national park. in 2015 the missions along with the Alamo were designated as a World Heritage site. The Missions was chosen to be Texas’ representative on the National Park quarters list, and will be the 4th quarter released in 2019. Over 600000 people visited the park in 2012
This concludes my trip to Texas. Next time I’ll be in Utah, taking in the arches and scenery of that beautiful state. As always feedback and input are welcome. See you in the comments!
Prior Diaries
1.Alabama www.dailykos.com/...
2 Alaska www.dailykos.com/...
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